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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Orders of magnitude (data) ： ウィキペディア英語版 Orders of magnitude (data) An order of magnitude is a factor of ten. A quantity growing by four orders of magnitude implies it has grown by a factor of 10000 or 104. This article presents a list of multiples, sorted by orders of magnitude, for digital information storage measured in bits. This article assumes a descriptive attitude towards terminology, reflecting general usage. The article assumes the following: * For the purpose of this article, a group of 8 bits may constitute one byte, a group of 4 bits is assumed to be one nibble. Historically, both assumption have not always been true. * The byte is the most common unit of measurement of information (kilobyte, kibibyte, megabyte, mebibyte, gigabyte, gibibyte, terabyte, tebibyte, etc.). *In 16-bit and 32-bit architectures, having processor registers of these sizes, that chunk of data is usually called a word. *The decimal SI prefixes ''kilo'', ''mega'', ''giga'', ''tera'', etc., are powers of 10. The binary prefixes ''kibi'', ''mebi'', ''gibi'', ''tebi'', etc. respectively refer to similar multiples. Accordingly: * 1 kB (kilobyte) = 103 bytes = 1000 bytes = 8000 bits * 1 KiB (kibibyte) = 210 bytes = 1024 bytes = 8192 bits J K−1〕 |- valign="top" |style="border-bottom:0px;"| 269 |style="border-bottom:0px;"| |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| | 590,295,810,358,705,651,712 bits (64 exbibytes) |- valign="top" |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| |style="border-bottom:0px;"| 1021 |style="border-bottom:0px;"| zettabit | 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits |- valign="top" |style="border-bottom:0px;"| 270 | zebibit |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| | 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 bits (128 exbibytes) |- valign="top" |style="border-bottom:0px;"| 271 |style="border-bottom:0px;"| |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| | 2,361,183,241,434,822,606,848 bits (256 exbibytes) |- valign="top" |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| | 3.4 bits (0.36 zettabytes) – amount of information that can be stored in of DNA〔http://www.tmrfindia.org/ijcsa/V2I29.pdf〕 |- valign="top" |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| | 4.7 bits (0.50 zettabytes) – amount of digitally stored information in the world as of May 2009〔("Internet data heads for 500bn gigabytes" ), ''The Guardian'', 18 May 2009. Retrieved on 23 April 2010.〕 |- valign="top" |style="border-bottom:0px;"| 272 |style="border-bottom:0px;"| |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| | 4,722,366,482,869,645,213,696 bits (512 exbibytes) |- valign="top" |style="border-bottom:0px;"| 273 | zebibyte |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| | 9,444,732,965,739,290,427,392 bits (1024 exbibytes) |- valign="top" |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| |style="border-bottom:0px;"| 1022 |style="border-bottom:0px;"| | 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits |- valign="top" |style="border-bottom:0px;"| 276 |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| |style="border-bottom:0px;"| |style="border-bottom:0px;"| | 276 bits – Maximum volume and file size in the Unix File System (UFS) and maximum disk capacity using the 64-bit LBA SCSI standard introduced in 2000 using 512-byte blocks. |- valign="top" |style="border-bottom:0px;"| |style="border-bottom:0px;"| |style="border-bottom:0px;"| 1023 |style="border-bottom:0px;"| | 1.0 bits – increase in information capacity when 1 Joule of energy is added to a heat-bath at 1 K (−272.15 °C)〔1 J K−1. Equivalent to 1/(''k'' ln 2) bits, where ''k'' is Boltzmann's constant〕 |- valign="top" |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| | 6.0 bits – information content of 1 mole (12.01 g) of graphite at 25 °C; equivalent to an average of 0.996 bits per atom.〔Equivalent to 5.74 J K−1. Standard molar entropy of graphite.〕 |- valign="top" | | |style="border-bottom:0px;"| 1024 |yottabit | 7.3 bits – information content of 1 mole (18.02 g) of liquid water at 25 °C; equivalent to an average of 12.14 bits per molecule.〔Equivalent to 69.95 J K−1. Standard molar entropy of water.〕 |- valign="top" |style="border-bottom:0px;"| 280 | yobibit |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| | 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 bits (128 zebibytes) |- valign="top" |style="border-bottom:0px;"| |style="border-bottom:0px;"| |style="border-bottom:0px;"| 1025 |style="border-bottom:0px;"| | 1.1 bits – entropy increase of of water, on vaporizing at at standard pressure; equivalent to an average of per molecule.〔Equivalent to 108.9 J K−1〕 |- valign="top" |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| |style="border-top:0px; border-bottom:0px;"| | 1.5 bits – information content of 1 mole (20.18 g) of neon gas at 25 °C and 1 atm; equivalent to an average of 25.39 bits per atom.〔Equivalent to 146.33 J K−1. Standard molar entropy of neon. An experimental value, see () for a theoretical calculation.〕 |- valign="top" | 2150 | |style="border-bottom:0px;"| 1045 | | ~ 1045 bits – the number of bits required to perfectly recreate the natural matter of the average-sized U.S. adult male human being down to the quantum level on a computer is about 2 bits of information (see Bekenstein bound for the basis for this calculation). |- valign="top" | | |style="border-bottom:0px;"| 1058 | |~ 1058 bits – thermodynamic entropy of the sun〔Given as 1042 erg K−1 in Bekenstein (1973), (Black Holes and Entropy ), ''Physical Review D'' 7 2338〕 (about 30 bits per proton, plus 10 bits per electron). |- valign="top" | | |style="border-bottom:0px;"| 1069 | | ~ 1069 bits – thermodynamic entropy of the Milky Way Galaxy (counting only the stars, not the black holes within the galaxy) |- valign="top" | | |style="border-bottom:0px;"| 1077 | | 1.5 bits – information content of a one-solar-mass black hole.〔Entropy = $\backslash scriptstyle\; A\; c^3\; /\; 4\; G\; \backslash hbar$ in nats, with $A\; =\; 16\backslash pi\; G^2\; M^2/c^4$ for a Schwarzschild black hole. 1 nat = 1/ln(2) bits. See Jacob D. Bekenstein (2008), (Bekenstein-Hawking entropy ), ''Scholarpedia''.〕 |- valign="top" |style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2305 | |style="border-bottom:0px;"| 1090 | | The information capacity of the observable universe, according to Seth Lloyd. (not including gravitation)〔Seth Lloyd (2002), Computational capacity of the universe, ''Physical Review Letters'' 88 (23):237901.〕 |- valign="top" |style="border-bottom:0px;"| 2332.1928 | |style="border-bottom:0px;"| 10100 | | googol |- valign="top" |style="border-bottom:0px;"| 23.321928·googol | |style="border-bottom:0px;"| 10googol | | googolplex |- valign="top" |} Note: this page mixes between two kinds of entropies: # Entropy (information theory), such as the amount of information that can be stored in DNA # Entropy (thermodynamics), such as entropy increase of 1 mole of water These two definitions are not entirely equivalent, see Entropy in thermodynamics and information theory. For comparison, the Avogadro constant is entities per mole, based upon the number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12 isotope. In 2012, some hard disks used ~984573 atoms to store each bit. In January 2012, IBM researchers announced they compressed 1 bit in 12 atoms using antiferromagnetism and a scanning tunneling microscope with iron and copper atoms. This could mean a practical jump from a disk to a disk.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.cio.com/article/697977/IBM_Smashes_Moore_s_Law_Cuts_Bit_Size_to_12_Atoms )〕 == See also == * SI prefix * Data rate units * Orders of magnitude (entropy) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Orders of magnitude (data)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.